أهم المختصرات المستخدمة فى الكتابة العلمية

A:    adenine 

Å: angstrom

A_260/280    ratio of absorption of light of 260 and 280 nm wavelength

aa: amino acid(s)
Ab: antibody
Ag: antigen
ADP:adenosine diphosphate

AMP:adenosine monophosphate

AP :alkaline phosphatase

APPPC: Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission

ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase

ATP, adenosine triphosphate (also ADP, AMP, CTP, UDP, etc.)

APPPC: Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission
CABI: Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International
c-DNA   complementary deoxyribonucleic acid

CEPM: Committee of Experts for Phytosanitary Measures of  FAO
CPPC: Caribbean Plant Protection Commission
DAS-ELISA   double antibody sandwich form of ELISA

DEP  dilution end point of the infectivity of sap

(ds)DNA    (double-stranded) deoxyribonucleic acid

(ds)RNA  (double-stranded) ribonucleic acid

ED₅₀ : 50% effective dose
EDTA :ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

ELISA  enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay

EPPO: European and  Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
G  :   guanine

G+C:     guanine plus cytosine

g: gram
g:unit of gravity

GATT: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (now WTO)
h:hour

ha : hectares

IAPSC:  Inter-African Phytosanitary Council
ICPM: Interim Commission for Phytosanitary Measures
ICTV:    International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses

Ig: immunoglobulin

IOBC: International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants
IPPC: International Plant Protection Convention
ISEM   immuno-sorbent electron microscopy

ISPM: International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures
JMPU: Mediterranean Phytopathological Union
KB : kilobyte

Kb  kilobases; the size of a ssDNA or ssRNA molecule

Kbp kilobase pairs; the size of a dsDNA or dsRNA molecule

kDa kilodaltons; the size of a protein

KPT  potassium phosphotungstate

L : litres

LD₅₀, 50% lethal dose

LIV  longevity of the infectivity of sap in vitro

LPS: lipopolysaccharide

(M) : middle component of `multicomponent virus'

M: molar

m: meter
mAb: monoclonal antibody

MB : megabyte

mg : milligram

mi. : mile

min: minule

MLO(s) mycoplasma-like organism(s) or phytoplasma

ml : milliliter

mm : millimeter

Mo: month
mol: mole
mol wt: molecular weight
M_r: relative molecular mass
mRNA: messenger RNA

NAPPO: North American Plant Protection Organization
NEPPO: Near East Plant Protection Organization
nm: nanometers

NPPO: National Plant Protection Organization
nt(s) nucleotide(s)

OD:optical density
osM: osmolar
ORF(s) :open reading frame(s)

osmol, osmole(s)
OVA, ovalbumin

oz.: ounce

PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PC: Phytosanitary Certificate
PCR, polymerase chain reaction

PEG : polyethylene glycol

PFA: Pest-free area
ppb : part per billion

ppm :  part per million

PPPO: Pacific Plant Protection Organization
PRA: Pest Risk Analysis
RPPO: Regional Plant Protection Organization
S : sedimentation coefficient; Svedberg units

S_20°,w : corrected sedimentation coefficient; extrapolated to that in water at 20°C and infinitely diluted

SDI :serological differentiation index

SDS :sodium dodecyl sulphate

SPS: Agreement: Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures 

ssDNA : single-stranded DNA

ssRNA : single-stranded RNA

T : thymine

(T) : top (slowest sedimenting) component of `multicomponent virus'

TIP  :thermal inactivation point; lowest temperature at which infectivity of sap is destroyed in 10 min

U : uracil

UA : uranyl acetate

UF :uranyl formate

µg  : microgram

Vpg :genome-linked protein

WTO: World Trade Organization